Diphenidol

Diphenidol is a non-selective muscarinic M₁-M₄ receptor antagonist, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Diphenidol is also a potent non-specific blocker of voltage-gated ion channels (Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺) in neuronal cells. Diphenidol can be used in the study of antivertigo and antinausea^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro:Diphenidol inhibits sodium currents and produces spinal anesthesia, and at -70 and -100 mV holding potentials, N2A cells IC₅₀ were 0.77 and 62.6 μM^{, respectively [3].
In Vivo:Diphenidol (2, 10 μmoL/kg, intraperitoneal injection) is used to reduce neuropathic pain and TNF-α overexpression in rats after chronic systolic injury[4].
Diphenidol (30 mg/kg, injected intravenously) has an inhibitory effect on exercise and morphine-induced vomiting in pica rats[5].}