Lipoamide

Lipoamide ((±)-α-Lipoamide) is a monocarboxylic acid derivative of a neutral amide, formed by the condensation of the carboxyl group of lipoic acid and ammonia. Lipoamide protects against oxidative stress-mediated neuronal cell damage and also acts as a coenzyme to transfer acetyl groups and hydrogen during pyruvate deacylation. Lipoamide also stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes through the endothelial NO synthase-cGMP-protein kinase G signaling pathway^[1][2]. In Vitro:Lipoamide (10-100 μM; 24 h) can reduce H₂O₂ or 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cell damage and apoptosis, reduce LDH leakage and Caspase-3 activity^[2].
Lipoamide (100 μM; 8 h) also upregulates the expression of Nrf2 in PC12 cells, promotes the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and downstream gene expression, such as inducing the transcription of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes^[2].