Canine Thrombin

Canine Thrombin is a Canine serine protease that plays a central role in blood coagulation. Canine Thrombin stimulates macrophages to polarize into a unique phenotype characterized by anti-inflammatory and pro-repair properties. Canine Thrombin activates PAR1, induces the production of MCP-1, MMP3 and VEGF in intervertebral discs, and causes degradation of the cartilage matrix and destruction of intervertebral disc structure. Canine Thrombin activity increases significantly in paraoxon-induced status epilepticus^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Canine Thrombin (100 nM; 72 h) induces degeneration in cultured intervertebral discs and promotes the production of MCP-1 and VEGF^[1].
Canine Thrombin (100 nM) induces the polarization of macrophages toward an M1-like phenotype by upregulating the expression of M1 markers and downregulating the expression of M2 markers^[1].
Canine Thrombin (0.1-1 U/mL; 12-48 h) upregulates the expressions of CCL22, MRC-1 (CD206), MMP9 and CD36 in macrophages^[3]. In Vivo:Canine Thrombin plays a critical pro-inflammatory role in the mouse coccygeal puncture model, where it induces intervertebral disc degeneration, promotes angiogenesis, and drives M1 macrophage polarization^[1].