1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is an oxidized phospholipid. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine reduces the viability of HUVECs, increases the levels of ferrous ions and lipid peroxidation, promotes the production of superoxide anions, and decreases the levels of glutathione and GPX4 in cells. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine upregulates the mRNA and protein levels of FABP3 in HUVECs, impairs mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces ferroptosis-related changes as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and damage. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine activates caspase-11 and promotes the continuous release of IL-1β from macrophages and dendritic cells. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine inhibits the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells and induces apoptosis in these cells. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is applicable to relevant research on atherosclerosis^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (12.5-50 μM; 12-48 h) dose- and time-dependently reduces the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), increases ferrous ion levels and lipid peroxidation levels in cells, promotes the production of superoxide anions in cells, and decreases glutathione and GPX4 levels in cells^[2].
1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (25 μM; 24 h) increases the mRNA and protein levels of fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) in HUVECs, impairs mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces ferroptosis-related changes, mitochondrial dysfunction injury, and FABP3 upregulation^[2].
1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is an oxidized phosphatidylcholine. Together with other specific OxPC subtypes, it promotes the sustained release of interleukin-1β from macrophages and dendritic cells by regulating the activation of caspase-11^[3].
1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (2.5-100 μM; 10-40 h) dose-dependently inhibits the proliferation of A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells under high-serum (10% FCS) conditions, and induces time-dependent cytotoxicity in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells under low-serum (0.1% FCS) conditions^[4].
1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (50 μM; 2-40 h) induces apoptosis-consistent morphological changes (cell detachment, shrinkage and apoptotic body formation), time-dependent DNA fragmentation, as well as apoptosis-consistent time-dependent ultrastructural changes (pyknosis, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing) in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells under low-serum conditions (0.1% FCS), and triggers time-dependent apoptosis^[4].