D-Tagatose

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose) is a natural low-calorie rare sugar. D-Tagatose inhibits the activities of sucrase, maltase and intestinal disaccharidases, reduces the digestion of sucrose and starch, and blocks the absorption of sucrose, maltose and glucose. D-Tagatose promotes glucokinase activity and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase activity via tagatose-1-phosphate, regulates the synthesis and decomposition of hepatic glycogen, reduces postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels, and improves hyperinsulinemia. D-Tagatose regulates lipid profiles, stimulates GLP-1 secretion, and exhibits prebiotic effects. D-Tagatose is a bulking sweetener. D-Tagatose can be used in research related to diabetes, hyperlipidemia, dental caries, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:D-Tagatose was synthesized from starch via an ATP-free in vitro multi-enzyme pathway, with high yield enabled by the final irreversible dephosphorylation step^[1].
D-Tagatose does not increase mutation frequency in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cancer cells, with or without metabolic activation^[2].
D-Tagatose is thermally stable in milk and lemonade, with minimal degradation and preserved prebiotic activity during processing and storage^[2]. In Vivo:D-Tagatose (4000-20000 mg/kg/day; i.g.; daily; gestational days 6 to 15) shows no developmental toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats at doses up to 20000 mg/kg/day, with only transient gastrointestinal effects and reduced food intake at mid and high doses^[2].
D-Tagatose (sole carbohydrate source in diet; dietary; ad libitum; 16 weeks), when substituted for sucrose in hypercholesterolemic mouse diets, prevents the development of obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis observed with sucrose feeding^[2].
D-Tagatose produces antidiabetic effects in the SHR/N-cp rat model of type 2 diabetes^[2].
D-Tagatose (0.9-1.8 g/(rat·d); oral; mixed with basal diet; 21-day adaptation period; 40-41-day balance period) provides effectively zero net metabolizable energy to growing male Wistar rats, with a calculated NEV_s of -0.5 kJ/g that is not significantly different from zero^[3].