Choline (bitartrate)

Choline bitartrate is a vitamin-like essential nutrient, can affect diseases such as liver disease, atherosclerosis and neurological disorders^[1][2]. Choline bitartrate is a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism^[3]. IC50 & Target: Acetylcholine^[2] In Vitro: Choline serves as a precursor component to two major cell membrane components: phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in vitro^[3].
Choline is also a major source for methyl groups via its metabolite, betaine, which participates in S-adenosylmethionine synthesis pathways^[4].
In Vivo: Choline bitartrate (oral gavage; 300 mg/kg vs. 5 g/kg) is administrated. Choline restriction (300 mg/kg) provokes robust ketosis and weight loss in mice, also causes significant hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and cellular injury. when Choline is repleted, moderate ketosis and hepatic fat accumulation can be attenuated^[4].