Quinocetone

Quinocetone is an orally active animal feed additive used to increase the meat production of livestock and poultry. Quinocetone exhibits antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Quinocetone exhibits tissue-specific (liver, lymphocyte) toxicity. Quinocetone induces autophagy in cells through the ATF6/DAPK1 pathway. Quinocetone activates the NF-κB and iNOS pathways, leading to cell apoptosis, hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration and fibrosis. Quinocetone can inhibit Nrf2/HO-1 and induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro: Quinocetone is active against Microsporum canis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae with MICs of 8, 8 and 16 μg/mL but shows no significant inhibitory effect on various animal viruses including bursal disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus and classical swine fever virus^[1].
Quinocetone (0-10 μg/mL, 0-24 h) triggers ER stress-induced autophagy via ATF6/DAPK1-modulated mAtg9a trafficking in HepG2 cells^[2].
Quinocetone (0-20 μg/mL, 6-24 h) inhibits in human peripheral lymphocytes growth, triggers ROS increase and induced DNA damage^[3].
In Vivo: Quinocetone (50-2400 mg/kg, i.g., once daily for 13 weeks)-induced Nrf2/HO-1 pathway suppression aggravates hepatocyte damage of Sprague-Dawley rats at high dose^[4].