Esmolol

Esmolol is an ultra-short-acting cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocker. Esmolol exerts its antiarrhythmic effect by activating Neurokinin 1 Receptor. Esmolol attenuates post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Esmolol improves diabetic wound healing by inhibiting aldose reductase and the production of advanced glycation end products and promoting fibroblast migration. Esmolol can be used to study cardiac diseases such as arrhythmias and diabetic foot ulcers^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Esmolol hydrochloride (0-1 mM) inhibits aldose reductase activity with an estimated IC₅₀ of 150 µM, and inhibits sorbitol formation in red blood cells by 59%^[1].
Esmolol hydrochloride (0.5-1 mM, 10 min) inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)^[1].
Esmolol hydrochloride (0.01- 1000 μM, 8-48 h) can promote the ability to migrate and has non-cytotoxic in HFF-1, Ea.hy926 and HaCaT cells^[1]. In Vivo:Esmolol hydrochloride (7%-20%, topical applied, twice daily) improves NO induction, collagen turnover, and hydroxyproline levels, remodeling and wound healing in Streptozotocin (HY-13753)-induced diabetic hairless rats^[1].
Esmolol (10 mg/kg, in 0.3 mL, i.v., once) hydrochloride shows anti-arrhythmic effect via up-egulation of NK1 receptor in permanent coronary artery occlusion (CAO) rat model^[2].
Esmolol (300 μg/kg with Epinephrine 20 μg/kg, i.v., once) protects myocardial tissue and improves post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction by reducing apoptosis in inbred wuzhishan miniature pigs^[3].