Lilial

Lilial is a widely used synthetic fragrance and ester in consumer products. Lilial possesses estrogenic activity in vitro. Lilial can induce a toxic effect on mitochondria that causes a decrease in the viability of HaCaT cells. Lilial can increase NRF2 protein level in vitro. Lilial is able to target respiratory chain complexes, inhibit complexes I and II of the electron transport chain, increase the generation of reactive oxygen species, and decrease the level of intracellular ATP. Lilial can induce systemic toxicity in vivo. Lilial induces significant DNA strand breaks^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Lilial (Compound Butylphenylmethylpropional) (100 mM, 24 h) increases the expression of pS2mRNA in MCF7 cell line^[2].
Lilial (0-100 mM, 7 d) increases the growth of MCF7 cells in a dose-dependent manner^[2].
Lilial (1 mM, 4 h) indicates good solubility and low metabolism by the Caco-2 cells^[3].
Lilial (1 nM-100 μM, 1 d) significantly reduces the relative viability of HeLa9903 cells at 100 nM, but has no cytotoxicity^[3].
Lilial (5 nM-500 μM, 1 d) significantly decreases the relative viability of CHO-K1 cells approximately by 55% and 95% at 250 and 500 μM^[3].
Lilial (100 μM, 4 h) has genotoxicity in HeLa cells indicated by a fold change above 1.5^[3].
Lilial (100 μM, 48 h) significantly decreases the expression of the TIMP1 and CST3 genes^[3].
Lilial (650 μM, 5 h) significantly increases the level of NRF2 protein in THP-1 cells^[3].
Lilial (100 μM) exerts the maximum decrease in NBT level, indicating an increase in ROS level in HaCat cells^[4].