Hydroxysafflor yellow A

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Safflomin A) is a natural product of flavonoids isolated from safflower. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through the autophagy pathway. Hydroxysafflor yellow A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can be used in the study of cardiovascular disease^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:Hydroxysafflor yellow A (10 μM, 24 h) Inhibition of LPS-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by toll-like receptor-4 pathway^[1].
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (0.01-10 mg/L, 4-96 h) can promote the expression of fat-soluble specific enzyme HSL by increasing the activity of HSL promoter and inhibit the proliferation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes^[2].
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (1-100 μM), 12-24 h) decreases LPS-induced EC inflammatory damage by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, high expression of inflammatory factors and leukocyte adhesion to EC^[3].
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (20-160 μM, 24-48 h) inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by blocking the autophagy flux in liver cancer cells^[6].
In Vivo:Hydroxysafflor yellow A (2.5 or 10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection for 6 weeks) protects the liver from long-term alcohol damage by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting TGF-β1 expression^[4].
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (30, 48, 76.8 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) has a protective effect on inflammatory damage in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by reducing NF-κB and p38MAPK signal transduction^[5].
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (1.135, 2.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) can inhibit tumor growth and block autophagy of liver cancer cells in tumor models of nude mice^[6].