4-Hydroxyisoleucine

4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine displays insulinotropic and antidiabetic properties^[1]. In Vitro:4-Hydroxyisoleucine (20 μM, 6 h) decreases the level of iRhom2, TACE, TNF-α and MCP-1 in RAW264.7 macrophages and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes with LPS (HY-D1056) induction^[2].
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (20 μM, 6 h) increases the product of M1 macrophage IL-6 and decreases the product of M2 macrophage IL-10 in the co-culture system with LPS (HY-D1056) stimulation^[2].
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (0-25 μM, 16 h) increases glucose uptake and surface GLUT4myc level in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes in a concentration-dependent manner^[3].
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (0-25 μM, 16 h) stimulates GLUT4myc translocation via PI-3-K/AKT-dependent mechanisms in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes^[3].
In Vivo:4-Hydroxyisoleucine (50 mg/kg, p.o., daily, 8 weeks) inhibits the increase in serum glucose in the fructose-fed rat model of metabolic syndrome^[1].
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (200 mg/kg, p.o., 8 weeks) improves dyslipidemia and reduces lipid ectopic accumulation in C57BL/6 mice^[4].
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (200 mg/kg, p.o., 8 weeks) decreases the expression of proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, PAI-1, IL-1β, NF-κB, TNF-α, and MCP-1) and the proportion of proinflammatory M1 macrophages in C57BL/6 mice^[4].
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (50 mg/kg, i.g., daily, 14 days) restores high levels of lipids (cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides) and uric acid in type 1 diabetic rat to that of nondiabetic controls level^[5].