Manganese (chloride)

Manganese chloride is an orally active MRI liver contrast agent. Manganese chloride induces Apoptosis and activates the mTOR signaling pathway. Manganese chloride induces cognitive impairment, promotes hematopoietic recovery, and reduces radiation-induced bone marrow and brain damage. It can be used for the study of renal impairment^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:Manganese chloride (200-800 μM; 24 h) reduces the viability of N27 cells, induces abnormal cell morphology and apoptosis, and activates the mTOR signaling pathway^[2].
Manganese chloride (200 μM; 24 h) reduces the viability of SH-SY5Y cells^[3]. In Vivo:Manganese chloride (5-30 mg/kg; i.p.; five times a week; 90 days) induces cognitive impairment, neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra, and activation of mTOR signaling pathway in SD rats^[2].
Manganese chloride (4.5-13.5 mg/kg; s.c.; 3 days (for 4.5 mg/kg)) improves the survival rate, promotes hematopoietic recovery, and reduces radiation-induced bone marrow and brain damage in male and female B6D2F1J mice (10-11 weeks old) exposed to 9.5 Gy whole-body Co⁶⁰ γ-radiation^[4].
Manganese chloride (59.36 mg/kg; p.o.; five times a week; 6 weeks) induces neurotoxicity in male albino rats, characterized by upregulated HAT1, HDAC1, PI3K gene expression, global DNA hypermethylation, and cerebellar histological damage^[6].