Carboxyatractyloside (tripotassium)

Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium is a diterpenoid. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium can be isolated from plants of the genus Xanthium. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium is an ADP/ATP carrier inhibitor, inhibiting mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium promotes ROS production, induces Ca²⁺ release, and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium induces lethargy, weakness, and epileptic seizures in rats^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:Carboxyatractyloside (10-25 μM; 48 h) tripotassium promotes cell death in primary mouse lung endothelial cells and exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial depolarization, increased ROS generation, and MPT pore opening^[2].
Carboxyatractyloside (2 μM) tripotassium induces Ca²⁺ release, mitochondrial swelling, and membrane potential collapse in aged rat liver mitochondria^[3].
In Vivo:Carboxyatractyloside (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.) tripotassium causes symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, and seizures in rats, and cause histopathological damage to the liver and kidneys, including vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and renal tubular necrosis^[5].