Fructose

Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. In Vitro:Fructose, at low concentrations do not cause any significant increase of Tissue factor (TF)-mRNA levels. On the contrary, higher Fructose concentrations cause increase in TF mRNA levels at 60 min, as compare to unstimulated cells. Increasing Fructose concentrations causes significant decrease of tPA-mRNA levels. SOD significantly prevents Fructose induced NF-κB activation which is associated with the parallel reduction of Fructose-induced TF expression/activity^[1]. In Vivo:Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Fructose can be used in animal modeling to create rat models of hyperuricemia and diabetes. In mice fed a 0% Fructose diet, portal vein (0.060±0.006 mM, overall average across all time points) and systemic (0.030±0.003 mM) Fructose concentrations do not change over time after feeding. In contrast, in wild-type mice, the portal vein concentration more than doubles from time (t)=0 to t=1 hour post-feeding (~0.13 mM). Similarly, systemic serum Fructose increases from 0.037 at t=0 to 0.13 mM one hour post-feeding. In the 20% group, fasting (t=0) serum Fructose levels in the portal vein and systemically are similar to the postprandial concentrations in 0% mice, suggesting that baseline Fructose concentrations during fasting are not affected by diet. At the same dietary conditions, time, and sampling site, serum Fructose concentrations in KHK^-/- mice are 5 to 100 times higher than in wild-type mice. The mean (across all time points) portal vein and systemic glucose concentrations in mice fed 20% Fructose are approximately 3 (P=0.004) and 2 (P=0.04) mM higher, respectively, compared to mice fed 0% Fructose. Systemic Fructose concentrations in KHK^-/- mice fed 20% Fructose are about three times higher than in mice fed glucose, whereas systemic Fructose concentrations in wild-type mice fed Fructose are similar to those fed glucose^[2].