Kanamycins (sulfate)

Kanamycins sulfate is a blood-brain barrier-permeable JNK1 and Bcl-2 modulator as well as an antibiotic, with broad-spectrum antibacterial, and biofilm-inhibiting activities, and it induces autophagy. Kanamycins sulfate promotes Bcl-2 phosphorylation to upregulate autophagy levels, triggering changes such as mitochondrial swelling and endoplasmic reticulum expansion. Consequently, it causes reversible neuronal damage in the dorsal cochlear nucleus without inducing significant neuronal apoptosis. In the presence of exogenous alanine or glucose, Kanamycins sulfate effectively kills drug-resistant bacteria, restores drug sensitivity of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and alleviates urinary tract and kidney infections in mice. Kanamycins sulfate can be applied to scientific research related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis, shigellosis, urinary tract infections, and reversible neurotoxicity^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Kanamycins sulfate (40 μg/mL for EIB202, 30 μg/mL for ATCC15947) synergizes with exogenous alanine plus glucose to reduce survival of Edwardsiella tarda EIB202 and Edwardsiella tarda ATCC15947 in vitro biofilms by 372-fold and 162-fold, respectively^[3].
Kanamycins sulfate (0-64000 μg/mL; 6 h) synergizes with exogenous alanine plus glucose to reduce survival of multidrug-resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA-5) cells^[3]. In Vivo:Kanamycin sulfate (500 mg/kg/day; s.c.; daily; 10 days) induces reversible auditory dysfunction, transient renal impairment, and reversible DCN neuron ultrastructural damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats, with upregulated autophagy mediated via the JNK1-p-Bcl-2 pathway, and no significant induction of neuron apoptosis^[1].
Kanamycins sulfate (50 μM; 3 days) exhibits low in vivo toxicity with >90% Caenorhabditis elegans viability at 50 μM after 3 days, with no reported standalone activity against S. enteritidis in this model^[2].
Kanamycins sulfate (3000 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; 3 days) combined with alanine and glucose strongly suppresses urinary tract infection by multidrug-resistant Edwardsiella tarda biofilms in mice, reducing bacterial survival in catheters and kidney tissue load significantly^[3].