Deferoxamine

Deferoxamine (Deferoxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro: Deferoxamine (1 mM; 16 h or 4 weeks) improves HIF-1α function under hypoxic and hyperglycemic conditions and decreases ROS in MEFs cells^[1].
Deferoxamine (100 µM; 24 h) increases InsR expression and activity and also induces an increase in p-Akt/total Akt/PKB levels^[2].
Deferoxamine (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 µM; 7 or 9 days) inhibits the proliferation of tumor-associated MSCs and bone marrow MSCs^[3].
Deferoxamine (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 µM; 7 days) induces apoptosis of MSCs^[3].
Deferoxamine (10 µM ; 3 days) influencs the expression of adhesion proteins on MSCs^[3].
Deferoxamine (100 µM; 24 h) induces autophagy mediated by the level of HIF-1α in SH-SY5Y cells^[4]. In Vivo: Deferoxamine (560.68 mg/per; drip-on; once daily for 21 days) enhances wound healing and increases neovascularization in aged or diabetic mice^[1].
Deferoxamine (200 mg/kg; i.p.; daily for 2 weeks) results in HIF-1α stabilization and increases glucose uptake, hepatic InsR expression, and signaling in vivo^[2].