Peonidin 3-O-glucoside (chloride)

Peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride is an agonist of the free fatty acid receptor FFAR1 and Glucokinase. Peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride enhances insulin secretion of pancreatic beta cells and increases glucose uptake by liver cells. Peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride activates FFAR1, promotes the phosphorylation of related proteins in the insulin secretion pathway, and increases the expression of FFAR1. In liver cells, Peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride activates GK and regulates proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride can be used in diabetes research^[1][2]. In Vitro:Peonidin 3-O-glucoside (1-100 μM; 24 h) increases insulin secretion levels in INS-1E pancreatic β cells stimulated by glucose and increases the expression of FFAR1-dependent insulin secretion pathway-related proteins, such as phosphorylation of FFAR1, PLC, and PKD^[1]. Peonidin 3-O-glucoside (100 μM; 24 h) increases glucose uptake in HepG2 hepatocytes, activated glucokinase (GK), and regulates proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism, such as increasing the phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reducing the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)^[1].