Xylobiose

Xylobiose (1,4-β-D-Xylobiose; 1,4-D-Xylobiose) is an orally active Claudin 2/CLDN2 inhibitor and HSP27 inducer. Xylobiose works by regulating intestinal barrier function and glucose and lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways. Xylobiose inhibits CLDN2 expression to reduce intestinal permeability, induces HSP27 to enhance cell protection, and regulates the miR-122a/miR-33a axis to inhibit liver lipid synthesis and improve insulin resistance. Xylobiose can strengthen intestinal barrier integrity, reduce blood sugar and blood lipid levels, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Xylobiose can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome^[1][2]. In Vitro:Xylobiose (5-20 mg/mL; 3-24 h) down-regulates the gene and protein expression of Claudin 2 in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, up-regulates the gene and protein expression of heat shock proteins HSP27 and HSP70, and enhances the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of the cell monolayer, which may strengthen the intestinal barrier function by regulating signaling pathways such as PI3K^[1]. In Vivo:Xylobiose (5% replacement of dietary sucrose; dietary intake; daily; 6 weeks) improves glucose tolerance in the db/db mouse diabetic model, reduces fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels and HOMA-IR, reduces plasma total triglycerides, regulate liver miR-122a and miR-33a expression, inhibits liver lipid production-related gene expression, and reduces liver oxidative stress and inflammatory response^[2].