D-Phenylalanine

D-Phenylalanine is an atypical D-amino acid and an inhibitor of bacterial biofilm formation. D-Phenylalanine mainly replaces D-alanine (D-Ala) by incorporating into the fourth and fifth positions of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), changing the cell wall structure, enhancing bacterial acid resistance and affecting biofilm formation. D-Phenylalanine may promote the secretion of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in mammals by activating the intestinal GPR109B receptor. D-Phenylalanine can inhibit the maturation of microbial biofilms and promote the release of specific hormones. It can be used for antibacterial preservation, improving the yield of probiotics in the food industry, and studying appetite regulation and blood sugar control in metabolic diseases such as diabetes^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:D-Phenylalanine (50 mM; 1.5 h, 2 h) improves the survival rate of Lactococcus lactis F44 at pH 3.0^[1].
D-Phenylalanine (50 mM; 6 h, 8 h, 10 h) increases the production of Nisin (HY-P1607) in Lactococcus lactis F44^[1].
D-Phenylalanine (10 mM; 2-10 days) inhibits the maturation of multilayer biofilms of the marine microorganism Pseudoalteromonas sp. SC2014, reduces the number of attached cells, and promotes the decomposition of the formed multilayer biofilm into a monolayer structure, but does not affect the viability of planktonic cells^[2].