Ipratropium (bromide hydrate)

Ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000) hydrate is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, with IC₅₀s of 2.9 nM, 2 nM, and 1.7 nM for M1, M2, and M3 receptors, respectively. Ipratropium bromide hydrate relaxes smooth muscle, can be used in the research for COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and asthma^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. IC50 & Target: IC50: 2.9 nM (mAChR M1), 2 nM (mAChR M2), and 1.7 nM (mAChR M3)^[3] In Vitro: Ipratropium bromide hydrate (1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM; 15 min) exerts its toxic effects via disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential^[1].
Ipratropium bromide hydrate (1 nM-1 μM; 4 h) increases infarct size in isolated perfused heart ischaemia/reperfusion experiments with a dose-responsive manner (EC₅₀=22.7 nM)^[1].
Ipratropium bromide hydrate (0.001 nM-0.1 mM; 2 h) inhibits adult rat cardiac myocyte growth after 4 h hypoxia treatment^[1].
In Vivo: Ipratropium bromide hydrate (1.0 μg/kg; i.v.; single dose) enhances vagal nerve stimulation induing bronchoconstriction^[2].
Ipratropium bromide hydrate (0.04 mg/20 mL and 0.20 mg/20 mL; inhalation for 30 min, rate=30 mL/30 min) can protect the lungs against the cadmium-induced acute neutrophilic inflammation by reducing the parenchyma inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils^[4].