D-chiro-Inositol

D-chiro-Inositol is a stereoisomer of inositol that exhibits activities such as improving glucose metabolism, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and antioxidant activity. D-chiro-Inositol effectively alleviates cholestasis by enhancing bile acid secretion and reducing oxidative stress. D-chiro-Inositol improves insulin resistance, lowers hyperglycemia and circulating insulin levels, reduces serum androgen levels, and ameliorates some metabolic abnormalities associated with X syndrome by mimicking the action of insulin. Additionally, D-chiro-Inositol can induce a reduction in pro-inflammatory factors (such as Nf-κB) and cytokines (such as TNF-α), thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. D-chiro-Inositol may be used in the study of liver cirrhosis, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}. In Vitro:D-chiro-Inositol (0.1-10 μmol, 3 h) improves glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells treated with Palmitoleic acid (HY-W011873) and inhibited the activity of FOXO1^[3].
D-chiro-Inositol (1-40 mM, 48 h) inhibites the growth of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231^[4].
D-chiro-Inositol (0.125-1 mM, 24 and 48 h) regulates the GSH/GSSG ratio of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reduces the pro-inflammatory state of cells^[9].
In Vivo:D-chiro-Inositol (150 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 2 weeks) reduces hepatic bile acid accumulation and reduces the severity of liver damage and fibrosis in rats with cholestasis model^[2].
D-chiro-Inositol (50 mg/kg; i,g.; once daily for 8 weeks) enhances glucose tolerance and reduces lipid accumulation in the liver in mice fed a high-fat diet^[3].
D-chiro-Inositol (500 and 1000 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily for 45 days) inhibits tumor growth in a mouse xenograft tumor model^[4].