Alternariol

Alternariol is an orally ingested mycotoxin produced by Alternaria, capable of inhibiting the activity of topoisomerase I and II (topoisomerase I, topoisomerase II). Alternariol has weak estrogenic (Estrogen Receptor/ERR) and androgen/antiandrogen (Androgen Receptor) effects. Alternariol can induce apoptosis, trigger cell cycle arrest, suppress innate immune responses, and exhibit anti-tumor activity. Alternariol has genotoxic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro: Alternariol (10 μM, 24 h) inhibits the innate immune response of human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and mouse macrophages (RAW264.7)^[2].
Alternariol (5-10 μM, 24 h) dose-dependently reduces inflammation in BEAS-2B cells induced by LPS (HY-D1056, 10 µg) ^[2].
Alternariol (1-100 μM, 24 h) inhibits the proliferation of BEAS-2B cells and induces cell cycle arrest^[2].
Alternariol (10 μM, 24 h) induces HPRT and TK mutations in V79 cells and mouse lymphoma L5178Y tk+/− cells (MLC)^[3]. In Vivo: Alternariol (1-5 mg/kg, intravenous injectionon, daily, 4 days) has embryotoxic and immunotoxic effects during the embryonic and infant developmental stages in mice, inducing apoptosis^[4].
Alternariol (50-200 mg/kg, orally, once daily, 24 weeks) induces cell death and inhibits cell proliferation in DMBA (HY-W011845) induced breast cancer in mice, significantly suppressing breast cancer^[5].