ε-​Viniferin

ε-Viniferin (epsilon-Viniferin), the dimer of Resveratrol and can be isolated from Vitis vinifera, displays a potent inhibitory for all the CYP activities, with K_i values from 0.5-20 μM. ε-Viniferin possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-neurodegenerative capacity^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:ε-​Viniferin (1-15 μM, 24-72 h) inhibits proliferation of HOS, U2OS, and A549 cells^[3].
ε-​Viniferin (20 μM, 24 h) induces DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation in HOS, U2OS, A549 cells^[3].
ε-​Viniferin (10 μM, 1 h) inhibits TGF-β1 induced EMT, invasion and migration, and reverses TGF-β1-induced ROS, MMP2, vimentin, Zeb1, Snail, p-SMAD2, p-SMAD3, and ABCG2 expression in A549 cells^[4].
ε-​Viniferin (10 μM, 3 min) inhibits fMLP (0.1 μM)-induced superoxide anion production in human neutrophils, as well as fMLP-induced phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, Src or intracellular calcium mobilization^[5].
ε-​Viniferin (50 nM-10 μM, 48 h) protects cells against Rotenone (HY-B1756)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells via the SIRT3/FOXO3 pathway^[6].
ε-​Viniferin (1 μM, 24 h) inhibits Rotenone (HY-B1756)-induced mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells^[6].
In Vivo:ε-​Viniferin (5 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days per week for 4 weeks) inhibits tumor growth in A549 cell xenograft nude mice model without hepatic and kidney injury, and inhibits tumor metastasis in A549 cell lung metastasis mouse model^[3][4].
ε-​Viniferin (0.2% in diet, 4 weeks) prevents diet-induced obesity in mice^[7].