Hydroxycitric acid

Hydroxycitric acid is the major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia. Hydroxycitric acid competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase with weight loss benefits. Hydroxycitric acid effective inhibits stones formation and also inhibits HIF, and has antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Hydroxycitric acid shows an HIF inhibitory effect compared with the control group in ARPE19 cells and 661W cells. Hydroxycitric acid can downregulate Hif1a and the downstream genes in ARPE19 cells and 661W cells. Hydroxycitric acid suppresses HIF-1α protein expression increased by CoCl₂ administration in ARPE19 cells and 661W cells^[2].
In chicken hepatocytes, Hydroxycitric acid decreases the accumulation of lipid droplets and accelerated energy metabolism. Hydroxycitric acid protects the cells from ER stress by increasing the antioxidant status and mitochondrial functions^[2]. In Vivo:Hydroxycitric acid (100-200 mg/kg) treatment could reduce markers of renal impairment (Blood Urea Nitrogen and serum creatinine). There is significantly less calcium oxalate crystal deposition in mice (male C57BL/6J mice) treated with Hydroxycitric acid. Hydroxycitric acid attenuates the oxidative stress induced by calcium oxalate crystallization. Hydroxycitric acid has inhibitory effects on calcium oxalate-induced inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1, IL-1 β, and IL-6. In addition, Hydroxycitric acid alleviates tubular injury and apoptosis caused by calcium oxalate crystals^[1].
The administration of Hydroxycitric acid can suppress body weight gain and fat accumulation in animals^[3].