Citric acid (tripotassium hydrate)

Citric acid tripotassium hydrate (Potassium citrate monohydrate) is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Citric acid (0-12.5 mM; 24 h) tripotassium hydrate shows antiproliferative activity in a dose dependent manner^[3].
Citric acid (12.5 mM; 72 h) tripotassium hydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dosedependent manner^[3].
Citric acid (12.5 mM; 48 h) tripotassium hydrate increases the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreases of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl^[3]. In Vivo:Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) tripotassium hydrate significantly decreases GSH-Px activity and induces an increase in the MDA (malonyldialdehyde) levels in mouse liver^[1].
Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) tripotassium hydrate induces apoptosis by increases caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner in mouse hepatocytes^[1].
Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks) tripotassium hydrate causes renal toxicity in mice^[2].