Lithium citrate (tetrahydrate)

Lithium citrate (Litarex) tetrahydrate is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Lithium citrate tetrahydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Lithium citrate tetrahydrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Lithium citrate tetrahydrate is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Lithium citrate tetrahydrate (0-12.5 mM; 24 h) shows antiproliferative activity in a dose dependent manner^[3].
Lithium citrate tetrahydrate (12.5 mM; 72 h) induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dosedependent manner^[3].
Lithium citrate tetrahydrate (12.5 mM; 48 h) increases the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreases of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl^[3]. In Vivo:Lithium citrate tetrahydrate (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly decreases GSH-Px activity and induces an increase in the MDA (malonyldialdehyde) levels in mouse liver^[1].
Lithium citrate tetrahydrate (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) induces apoptosis by increases caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner in mouse hepatocytes^[1].
Lithium citrate tetrahydrate (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks) causes renal toxicity in mice^[2].