Coenzyme Q2

Coenzyme Q2 is a benzoquinone electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and a p53-dependent apoptosis inducer. Coenzyme Q2 induces p53 phosphorylation at Ser15, promoting p53 accumulation and functional activation. Coenzyme Q2 induces ROS generation, caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling. Coenzyme Q2 inhibits Complex I, Complex III, and Complex IV activities, disrupting electron transport and membrane potential generation. Coenzyme Q2 induces excessive mitochondrial proton leak in forebrain mitochondria. Coenzyme Q2 causes loss of righting reflex in mice, accompanied by slow-wave delta EEG activity and reversible loss of wakefulness. Coenzyme Q2 inhibits lipid peroxidation and scavenges superoxide radicals. Coenzyme Q2 is used in research on leukemia, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Coenzyme Q2 (60 μM; 24 h) induces p53-dependent apoptosis in BALL-1 cells, but not in MOLT-4F or HL-60 cells^[1].
Coenzyme Q2 (20 μM; 6 h)-induced cell death depends on caspase-3 in BALL-1 cells^[1].
Coenzyme Q2 (60 μM; 2-6 h) induces p53 phosphorylation at Ser15 in BALL-1 cells^[1].
Coenzyme Q2 (20-100 μM; 6-24 h) inhibits BALL-1 cell growth with an IC₅₀ of 20 μM, induces DNA fragmentation, and induces phosphatidylserine externalization^[1].
Coenzyme Q2 (60 μM; 30 min) induces ROS generation in BALL-1 cells^[1].
Coenzyme Q2 (23 μM) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rabbit heart and rat liver mitochondria by increasing state 4 respiration and decreasing the respiratory control index^[3].
Coenzyme Q2 (5-46 μM) decreases calcium retention capacity in isolated rabbit heart mitochondria, thereby favoring mPTP opening^[3].
Coenzyme Q2 (23 μM) increases calcium retention capacity in isolated rat liver mitochondria, thereby inhibiting mPTP opening^[3].
Coenzyme Q2 (23 μM) significantly decreases NADH DUb-reductase activity in isolated rabbit heart and rat liver mitochondria^[3].
Coenzyme Q2 (23 μM) antagonizes the inhibition of complex I respiration by Rotenone (HY-B1756) in isolated rat liver mitochondria, but only slightly affects its action at low concentrations of Rotenone in isolated rabbit heart mitochondria^[3].
Coenzyme Q2 (23 μM) increases H₂O₂ production in isolated rabbit heart mitochondria, but does not significantly alter H₂O₂ production in isolated rat liver mitochondria under basal conditions^[3]. In Vivo:Coenzyme Q2 (20 mg/mL; i.v.; single injection) exhibits sedative-hypnotic properties with an ED₅₀ of approximately 100 mg/kg, inducing transient and reversible loss of consciousness in mice^[2].