Xanthosine (dihydrate)

Xanthosine dihydrate is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine dihydrate activates the AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade. Xanthosine dihydrate promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine dihydrate increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine dihydrate is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:Xanthosine (200 μM) dihydrate increases the population of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) during the exponential phase of cell growth, reduces the doubling time, promotes symmetric cell division^[1].
Xanthosine (1.75-17.6 μM; 2 h) dihydrate enhances glucose uptake, decreases glucose production, increases glycogen content, and activates AKT phosphorylation in FFA-induced CC1 hepatocytes^[3].
In Vivo:Xanthosine (9.6 mg in 300 μL PBS; i.p.; 14 consecutive days) dihydrate has a latent negative effect on bovine mammary cell proliferation in immunodeficient mice with bovine mammary implants^[2].
Xanthosine (up to 5 mg/kg) dihydrate has no effect on the cat blood pressure^[4].
Xanthosine (1.5-2 mL; 10 mM; intraductal infusion and parenchymal injection; 5 consecutive days) dihydrate significantly increases the number of label-retaining epithelial cells (LREC) and telomerase activity in the mammary glands of female Holstein calves, indicating an expansion of the mammary stem cell population^[5].