Theophylline (monohydrate)

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro: Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate (1-1000 µM) inhibits cAMP hydrolysis by PDE in homogenates of bronchial tissue to relax human bronchus and pulmonary arteries^[1].
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate (10 µg/mL; 24 h; eosinophils) induces apoptosis through a reduction in the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2^[2].
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate (0-500 µM; 2 h; A549 cells) inhibits NF-κB activation, I kappa B alpha (I-κBα) degradation and decreases the level of IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner^[3].
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate (0-1000 µM; 30 min; A549 cells) induces histone deacetylase activity to decrease inflammatory gene expression^[4]. In Vivo: Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) (100 mg/kg; i.p.; daily, for 9 d; male Swiss mice) has anti-inflammatory activity in mice and increases IL-6 and IL-10 levels and inhibits TNF-α and NO^[1].