Dopal

Dopal is a metabolite and aldehyde neurotoxin of Dopamine (HY-B0451). Dopal exhibits cytotoxicity, induces α-synuclein oligomerization and aggregation, and is closely associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Dopal can be used in research related to Parkinson's disease^[1][2]. In Vitro:Dopal (1.5-1500 μM; 0-4 h) induces dose- and time-dependent aggregation of purified human recombinant α-synuclein in a cell-free system; aggregation initiates at concentrations as low as 1.5 μM, and large polymeric α-synuclein aggregates form at concentrations of 300 μM and above^[1].
Dopal (3 μM-1 mM; 2-8 h) induces dose-dependent α-synuclein aggregation and cytotoxicity in SHSY-5Y cells overexpressing wild-type α-synuclein, with significant aggregation observed at concentrations ≥30 μM, oligomer formation initiated at 3 μM, and rapid cell death occurring at 1 mM^[1].
Dopal (100-150 μM; 18-24 h) exhibits toxicity to SH-SY5Y cells and also induces cell apoptosis^[2].
Dopal (100-200 μM; 16-24 h) induces the formation of α-synuclein-EGFP dimers in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing α-synuclein-EGFP^[2]. In Vivo:Dopal (0.2-1.0 μg; stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra; single dose) induces dose-dependent α-synuclein oligomer formation and causes loss of immunoreactivity for dopaminergic neuron markers in male Parkinson's disease rats^[1].