Phenytoin

Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice^[1][2]. In Vitro:Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug. It is useful to partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures but not primary generalized seizures such as absence seizures or myoclonic seizures. Phenytoin is believed to protect against seizures by causing voltage-dependent block of voltage-gated sodium channels^[2].
Phenytoin has low affinity for resting sodium channels at hyperpolarized membrane potentials^[3].
When neurons are depolarized and the channels transition into the open and inactivated states, greater binding and block occur. The inhibitory potency is strongly use dependent, so that block accumulates with prolonged or repetitive activation, such as occurs during a seizure discharge. The blocking of sodium channels by phenytoin is of slow onset. The time course of fast sodium currents is therefore not altered in the presence of the drug and action potentials evoked by synaptic depolarizations of ordinary duration are not blocked. Thus phenytoin is able to selectively inhibit pathological hyperexcitability in epilepsy without unduly impairing ongoing activity. Phenytoin also blocks persistent sodium current and this may be of particular importance in seizure control. Phenytoin is a class 1b antiarrhythmic^[4].
In Vivo:Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Phenytoin (60 mg/kg; once daily for 28 days) sodium reduces MDA-MB-231 cells in six-week-old female Rag2^-/- Il2rg^-/- mice^[1].
Phenytoin can induce a model of gingival hyperplasia in mice^[6].