Urea (Standard)

Urea (Standard) is the analytical standard of Urea. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms^[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent^[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function^[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. In Vitro:Urea standard (550-1000 mosmol/kg, 24 h) inhibits the proliferation of murine inner medullary collecting duct cell mIMCD3, arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase, induces apoptosis in mIMCD3^[4].
Urea standard (5-300 mM, 1 h) increases protein carbonylation, causes oxidative stress and DNA damage (especially 8-oxoguanine damage) in mIMCD3 cells^[5].
Urea standard (0-100 mM, 18 h) post-transcriptionally reversibly inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NO synthesis in RAW264.7, causes macrophage dysfunction and affects the host's immune defense mechanism^[6].
Urea standard (200 mM, 5 min) increases phosphorylation of MEK1 and MEK2, causes the activation of ERK in mIMCD3 cells^[7].
In Vivo:Urea standard (30 g/kg, continuous iv infusion, 2-14 days) induces osmotic diuresis, and causes diabetic nephropathy in rats models^[8].