Purpurogallin

Purpurogallin is a naturally phenol extracted from the plants of Quercus spp, has potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ of 0.2 μM. Purpurogallin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects^[1][2][3]. IC50 & Target:IC50: 0.2 μM (xanthine oxidase)^[3] In Vitro: Purpurogallin (50 or 100 μM; 7 or 25 hours; BV2 murine microglial cells) treatment attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by suppressing their mRNA and protein expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells^[1].
Purpurogallin (100 μM; 75-120 minutes; BV2 murine microglial cells) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells^[1]. In Vivo: Purpurogallin (100-400?μg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; for 48 or 72 hours; male Sprague-Dawley rats) exerts its neuroinflammation effect through the dual effect of inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression and reducing HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression^[2].