Mollugin

Mollugin is an orally active and potent NF-κB inhibitor. Mollugin induces S-phase arrest of HepG2 cells, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mollugin induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells, as well as an increase in the expression of p-H2AX. Mollugin shows anti-cancer effect by inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Mollugin enhances the osteogenic action of BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) via the p38-Smad signaling pathway^[1][2][3]. In Vitro: Mollugin (0-80 μM, 24 h) inhibits the expression of an NF-κB reporter gene induced by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner^[1].
Mollugin (0-80 μM, 12 h) inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cells^[1].
Mollugin (0-80 μM, 12 h) inhibits TNF-α-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and IKK phosphorylation, and inhibits the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression of Cyclin D1, c-Myc, and VEGF^[1].
Mollugin (0-80 μM, 12 h) enhances TNF-α-induced apoptosis^[1]. In Vivo: Mollugin (0-75 mg/kg, Orally, three times per week for 36 days) inhibits growth of HeLa cells in a xenograft tumor model^[1].