Salsalate

Salsalate is a potent antirheumatic drug with oral activity that reduces irritation during gastric absorption and avoids direct inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Salsalate not only has significant anti-inflammatory effects, but also reduces blood sugar levels, improves insulin resistance, and reduces the expression of cytokines. Salsalate can protect mice from metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diet and effectively improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis^{[1][2 ][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:Salsalate (1 mM, 72 h) inhibits the proliferation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by phosphorylating HMGCoA reductase^[1]. In Vivo:Salsalate (2.5 g/kg feed, orally, daily, for 6 weeks) inhibits macrophage proliferation and atherosclerosis in mice through an AMPKβ1-dependent pathway^[1].
Salsalate (0.5%, orally, daily, for 40 days) protects mice from metabolic dysfunction induced by a high-fat diet by activating mitochondrial uncoupling and the Sln/Serca2a axis in skeletal muscle thermogenesis^[2].
Salsalate (0.33%, orally, daily, for 40 weeks) improves dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in mice, enhances diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, reduces microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis in the liver, and decreases the incidence of liver inflammation and fibrosis^[3].