Raspberry ketone

Raspberry ketone is a major aromatic compound of red raspberry, widely used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavoring agent in foodstuff; also shows PPAR-α agonistic activity. IC50 & Target: PPAR-α^[3] In Vitro: Raspberry ketone (1, 10, 20, and 50?μM) suppresses adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Raspberry ketone (10?μM) significantly blocks C/EBPα, PPARγ, and aP2 expression and increases the expression of ATGL and HSL, and CPT1B^[1]. In Vivo: Raspberry ketone (0.5%, 1%, or 2%) increasses the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents (LDL-C), ISI (insulin-sensitivr index), PPAR-α and LDLR, decreases the serum levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), IRI (insulin resistance index), GLU (glucose), INS (insulin-sensitivr index), LEP (leptin), and TNF-α in rats compared with a high-fat diet-induced NASH model. Raspberry ketone also causes increased SOD activities^[2]. Raspberry ketone shows cardioprotective action against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats, and the effects may be due to its PPAR-α agonistic activity^[3].