5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride)

5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) is a heme precursor and orally bioavailable stimulator^[1].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) enhances cytochrome c oxidase activity, promotes aerobic energy metabolism, and increases ATP levels^[1].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) serves as a heme precursor fundamental to aerobic energy metabolism^[1].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) enhances LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cytokine gene activation in innate immune cells^[2].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) restores neutrophil phagocytic and ROS-producing abilities, and supports innate immune cell function^[2].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) accumulates protoporphyrin IX in tumor cells, enhances ROS generation with X-ray irradiation, and suppresses tumor growth with fractionated X-ray irradiation^[3].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) acts as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy and a radiomediator for cancer radiotherapy^[3].5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) can be used for the research of septic shock and melanoma^[2][3]. In Vitro:5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) (100 μM; 24 h pre-treatment) significantly enhances LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (Il1b, Il6, Tnfa) and mitochondrial (mt-Nd1, Pgc1a) genes in GM-CSF-differentiated bone marrow-derived cells from C57BL/6 mice^[2].
5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) (0.1-100 μg/mL; 2-24 h) induces time- and concentration-dependent accumulation of porphyrins (predominantly PpIX) in B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells in vitro^[3].
5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride) (1-100 μg/mL; 24 h prior to X-ray irradiation) enhances X-ray-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant increases observed at doses as low as 1 μg/mL under high X-ray exposure^[3]. In Vivo:Hydrochloride of 5-Aminolevulinic acid (10 mg/kg/day; p.o.; daily administration; for 15 consecutive weeks) increases liver mitochondrial COX activity by 1.5-fold, COX IV protein level by 1.6-fold, and liver ATP level by 1.6-fold in female C57BL/6N mice, without inducing toxicity^[1].
Hydrochloride of 5-Aminolevulinic acid (12 mg per mouse; p.o.; daily administration; for 2 consecutive weeks) fully restores the impaired neutrophil phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species production in 5-ALA-deficient Alas1^± mice to wild-type levels^[2].
Hydrochloride of 5-Aminolevulinic acid (50 mg/kg; topical administration) significantly enhances the tumor inhibitory effect in the mouse B16-BL6 melanoma model, with no systemic toxicity observed^[3].