Acetoacetic acid

Acetoacetic acid is an oxidative stress inducer that affects the antioxidant enzyme system and lipoprotein metabolism. Acetoacetic acid induces oxidative stress by decreasing the mRNA expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing MDA content, and inhibiting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly by downregulating apolipoprotein ApoB100, ApoE, and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), leading to triglyceride (TG) accumulation in hepatocytes. Acetoacetic acid can be used to study metabolic diseases^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:In the bovine hepatocyte experiment, Acetoacetic acid (0.6, 2.4, 4.8 mM; 24 h) dose-dependently reduces the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increases the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, induced oxidative stress, and downregulates the mRNA expression of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), inhibits the assembly of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and leads to the accumulation of intracellular triglycerides (TG) and a decrease in the VLDL content in the culture medium^[1].