Permethrin

Permethrin (NRDC-143) is an insecticide, acaricide and a high selectively inhibitor of the Mitochondrial complex I, found in sediment and water samples. Permethrin shows estrogenic in vivo and anti-estrogenic activity in vitro. Permethrin also acts as a neurotoxin affecting neuron membranes by prolonging Sodium channel activation. Permethrin decreases resistance to bacterial infections in medaka (Oryzias latipes)^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}. In Vitro:Permethrin (25 μM, 1 h) dose-dependently decreases the activity of total ATPase and the activity of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase in vitro^[5].
In Vivo:Permethrin (50, 500 and 5000 μg/kg BW, Dietary intake, daily for 12 weeks) promotes weight gain, total adipose tissue weight and aggravates high fat dietinduced insulin resistance along with high fat diet, but significantly decreases pAMPKα and pAMPKα/AMPKα expression in mouse^[1].
Permethrin (0.1, 1, 10 µg/L, aqueous solution, 14 days) has higher relative expression of choriogenin (Chg) than the 1 ng/L Ethinylestradiol (EE2) (HY-B0216) treatment, and lower relative expression than the 10 ng/L EE2 treatment in Juvenile Menidia beryllina^[6].
Permethrin (500 and 1000 mg/kg, diet mixed, daily for 14 days) has memory and spatial exploration dwindling effect, but no effects on anxiety and locomotion in rats ^[7].