N-Hydroxyphthalimide

N-Hydroxyphthalimide is a blocking agent and catalyst. N-Hydroxyphthalimide promotes oxidation reactions by generating PINO free radicals and activating hydrogen atom transfer processes. N-Hydroxyphthalimide reduces the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Survivin and Bcl-xL and activates caspase 9 and caspase 3. N-Hydroxyphthalimide induces Apoptosis. N-Hydroxyphthalimide inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448, Ser2481) and Akt (Ser473). N-Hydroxyphthalimide has anticancer effects against breast and colon cancer^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:N-Hydroxyphthalimide (2.5-40 μM; 24-72 h) selectively inhibits the proliferation of human breast carcinoma BT-20 cells, human colon adenocarcinoma LoVo and HT-29 cells by inducing G₂/M phase arrest and apoptosis^[3]. In Vivo:N-Hydroxyphthalimide (40 mg/kg; i.p.; 53 days) significantly inhibits tumor growth in BT-20 xenograft models by suppressing both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling pathways, without causing obvious toxicity to nude mice^[3].