Sequoyitol

Sequoyitol (5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol) is an orally active hypoglycemic agent and antioxidant. Sequoyitol can be isolated from herbaceous plants. Sequoyitol downregulates the expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1, reduces ROS production and malondialdehyde levels, and enhances total antioxidant capacity. Sequoyitol activates the insulin signaling pathway, including the phosphorylation of IR, IRS1 and Akt. Sequoyitol increases serum insulin levels, inhibits hepatic glucose production, and promotes cellular glucose uptake. Sequoyitol antagonizes TNFα-induced inhibition of the insulin signaling pathway, and decreases blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. Sequoyitol elicits potential peaks in the chemosensors of adult and larval Atrophaneura alcinous, and acts as an oviposition stimulant for female Atrophaneura alcinous. Sequoyitol can be used in research related to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic nephropathy^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Sequoyitol (1-10 μmol·L⁻¹; added 1 hour prior to the addition of high-glucose medium) protects rat mesangial cells from high-glucose-induced loss of viability, with the 10 μmol·L⁻¹ dose exerting a stronger protective effect^[1].
Sequoyitol (1-10 μmol·L⁻¹; added 1 hour prior to the addition of high-glucose medium) reduces excessive ROS production induced by high glucose in rat mesangial cells, with the 10 μmol·L⁻¹ dose exerting a more significant inhibitory effect on ROS levels^[1].
Sequoyitol (1-10 μmol·L⁻¹) reduces the level of high glucose-induced lipid peroxidation in rat mesangial cells, as evidenced by decreased MDA levels, with the inhibitory effect being stronger at the dose of 10 μmol·L^−1[1].
Sequoyitol (1-10 μmol·L⁻¹) enhances the cellular antioxidant capacity of rat mesangial cells exposed to high glucose, with the 10 μmol·L⁻¹ dose exerting a more significant enhancing effect^[1].
Sequoyitol (100 μM; 12 h) directly enhances the insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, including the phosphorylation of IRS1 and Akt, and reverses TNF-α-induced insulin resistance^[2].
Sequoyitol (100 μM; 16 h) directly suppresses DB-cAMP-stimulated gluconeogenesis in primary mouse hepatocytes in vitro in an insulin-independent manner, and exerts additive or synergistic effects to inhibit gluconeogenesis when combined with insulin^[2].
Sequoyitol (100 μM; 12 h) directly enhances the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, including the phosphorylation of IR, IRS1 and Akt, and reverses TNF-α-induced insulin resistance^[2].
Sequoyitol (5-10 mg/mL; 3-6 h) dose-dependently protects INS-1 pancreatic β-cells against STZ (HY-13753)- and H₂O₂-induced damage, and enhances the insulin signaling pathway in these cells^[2].
Sequoyitol (15 mM) induces single-amplitude action potentials in the lateral styloconic sensilla of fifth-instar Atrophaneura alcinous larvae, elicits a small number of small action potentials in the epipharyngeal sensilla, but causes no evoked responses in the medial styloconic sensilla^[3]. In Vivo:Sequoyitol (12.5-50.0 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 6 weeks) ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by reducing hyperglycemia, improving renal function, decreasing oxidative stress, and downregulating the expression of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory mediators, with the highest dose producing the most significant effects^[1].
Sequoyitol (0.5 nmol/h; s.c.; continuous; 23 days) improves hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice by enhancing insulin signaling, including increasing Akt phosphorylation and reducing IRS1 Ser³⁰⁷ phosphorylation^[2].
Sequoyitol (40 mg/kg; p.o.; twice daily; up to 31 days) improves hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice of both sexes by enhancing insulin sensitivity without altering body weight or plasma insulin levels^[2].
Sequoyitol (70-100 mg·kg^-1·day^-1; p.o.; continuous; 31 days) reduces hyperglycemia, improves glucose intolerance, and increases plasma insulin levels in STZ-induced insulin-deficient C57BL/6 mice^[2].