Penicillamine

Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) is a penicillin metabolic degradation product, can be used as a heavy metal chelator. Penicillamine increases free copper and increases oxidative stress. Penicillamine has effect of seizures through nitric oxide/NMDA pathways. Penicillamine is a potential immune modulator. Penicillamine can be used for the research of Wilson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystinuria^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) (5 mg; 7 d; CD4⁺ and CD⁺ splenocytes) promotes cellular immune responses^[3]. In Vivo:Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) (200 mg/kg; i.g.; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 d; tx mice and DL mice) increases serum free copper concentration^[1].
Penicillamine (200 mg/kg; i.g.; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 d; tx mice and DL mice) increases ATP7A and CTR1 mRNA expression in the brain of tx mice^[1].
Penicillamine (200 mg/kg; i.g.; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 d; tx mice and DL mice) induces oxidative-stress in the central nervous system^[1].
Penicillamine (0.1-250 mg/kg; i.p.; once, for 90 min; male NMRI mice) has binaural phase effect on seizure^[2].
Penicillamine (5 mg/kg; i.v.; daily, for 8 weeks; male BN rats) prevents the onset of autoimmunity at a low dose^[3].