Ferruginol

Ferruginol ((+)-Ferruginol), a natural diterpenoid, is an inhibitor of the activation of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA). Ferruginol inhibits the growth of thyroid cancer cells through the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. Ferruginol has antitumor, cardioprotective, antioxidant, gastroprotective, and neuroprotective activities^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Ferruginol (0-160 μM; 24 hours) exerts potent antiproliferative action against thyroid cancer cells, and an IC₅₀ of 12 μM for the MDA-T32 cell line. The toxic effects of Ferruginol are less pronounced against normal cells^[1].
Ferruginol (0-24 μM; 24 hours) induces apoptotic cell death of MDA-T32 cells. Ferruginol increases Bax expression and decreases Bcl-2 expression dose-dependently^[1].
Ferruginol (0-24 μM; 24 hours) inhibits the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway of MDA-T32 cells^[1].
Ferruginol (0-24 μM; 24 hours) also causes ROS mediated alterations in the MMP of MDA-T32 cells^[1].
In Vivo:Ferruginol (20 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; for 4 weeks) exerts cardioprotection manifested as enhanced cardiac function and reduced structural damage and apoptosis. The transcriptome and other results revealed that Ferruginol facilitates PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (MB and FAO) by increasing the expression of PGC-1α and concurrently promoting the expression of SIRT1-enhancing deacetylase SIRT1 deacetylating and activating PGC-1α^[3].