Isovaleric acid

Isovaleric acid is an oral active short-chain fatty acid that inhibits osteoclast differentiation by stimulating AMPK phosphorylation and promotes colonic smooth muscle relaxation by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. Isovaleric acid can be used in research on skeletal diseases (such as osteoporosis) and intestinal disorders^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Isovaleric acid (5.0 mM, 1 h) reduces Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in synaptic membranes from cerebral cortex of Wistar rats (40 days old)^[2].
Isovaleric acid (200 μM, 5 days) inhibits RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand)-induced osteoclast (OC) differentiation by promoting AMPK phosphorylation^[3].
Isovaleric acid (200 μM, 3 days) has an inhibitory effect on the expression of osteoclast (OC)-related genes^[3].
Isovaleric acid (1-100 μM, 1 or 5 min) alleviates acetylcholine-induced colonic smooth muscle contraction by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway^[4].
In Vivo:Isovaleric acid (administered via drinking water at 75 or 150 mM, once daily for 32 days) ameliorates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in an ovariectomized mouse model by inhibiting osteoclast (OC) differentiation^[3].