Hippuric acid

Hippuric Acid is an orally active metabolite. Hippuric Acid can be produced by intestinal microorganisms from the metabolism of polyphenols, benzoic acid. Hippuric Acid decreases NRF2, MMP9 and leads to ROS accumulation. Hippuric Acid activates TGFβ/SMAD signaling. Hippuric Acid improves hyperuricemia and colitis. Hippuric Acid can also be used in cardiovascular disease research^[1][2][3][4]. ^{[5][6][7][8][9]}. In Vitro:Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 25 μM; 24 h) co-incubated with Dexamethasone (HY-14648) significantly increases C2C12 myotube diameter, abrogates dexamethasone-induced reductions in myotube protein synthesis rates, and partially attenuates the increase in proteolysis in C2C12 myotubes under atrophy-like conditions^[2].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 1-2 mM; 15 min) significantly reduces P-selectin/CD62P expression and inhibits PAC-1 activation-dependant antibody expression in platelets stimulated ex vivo via the P₂Y₁/P₂Y₁₂-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pathway^[3].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 0-1000 μM; 24 h) increases fibrosis-related gene expression, extracellular matrix imbalance, and oxidative stress in HK-2 cells^[4].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 200-400 ng/mL; 24 h) increases ABCG2 expression and apical localization in Caco-2 cells^[5].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 8 mg/mL; 24 h) decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine production and promotes the expression of ZO-1 in NCM460 cells treated with dextran sulfate sodium^[6].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, concentration equivalent to that in 2.5% serum from blueberry-diet-fed rats) inhibits osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast resorptive activity in nonadherent mouse bone marrow cells isolated from 4-week-old C57BL6/J mice^[7].
In Vivo:Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 100 mg/kg; i.p.; five times per week; 10 weeks) promotes renal fibrosis and dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomized rats^[4].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 10 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 4 weeks) alleviates hyperuricemia in mice by promoting intestinal urate excretion via enhancing ABCG2-mediated transport^[5].
Hippuric Acid (Hippuric acid, 50-150 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily; 7 days) alleviates DSS-induced colitis in male C57BL/6J mice, as shown by reduced clinical activity, improved intestinal barrier integrity, and modulated gut microbiota^[6].