Cotinine

Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine) is an orally active alkaloid found in tobacco and is the primary metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine is metabolized by CYP2A13 into trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. Cotinine is used as a biomarker to measure exposure to tobacco smoke components. Cotinine has vasodepressor activity. The mixture of cotinine and nicotine (Nicotine) has antiproliferative activity against pterygium. (S)-(-)-Cotinine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in a calcium-dependent manner, leading to the release of dopamine (Dopamine, HY-B0451). Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine) is used in research related to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro:Mixture of Cotinine and Nicotine (2?μM Cotinine + 0.15?μM Nicotine, 7 days) retards the proliferation rate of human primary pterygium cells^[4].
(S)-(-)-Cotinine (1-100 μM) was inhibited by the nicotinic receptor antagonists Mecamylamine (HY-B1395A) and Dihydro-β-erythroidine (HY-N10497) in the inhibition of dopamine release from rat striatal slices^[5].
(S)-(-)-Cotinine (10-1000 μM) was inhibited in the release of dopamine from rat striatal slices by treatment with a low calcium buffer^[5].
In Vivo:Cotinine (1 mg/kg (Nicotine), i.v., sampled at 5-60 min after administration) has a long biological half-life (19-24 hours) in Sprague-Dawley rats and is retained and accumulated in plasma for an extended period^[2].