Graveoline

Graveoline (Rutamine) is an orally active alkaloid with various activities such as antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Graveoline can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy through a reactive oxygen species-mediated pathway. Graveoline has an MIC of 500 μg/mL for Candida albicans. Graveoline can be used in the research of various diseases such as tumors and liver injury^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Graveoline (0-35 μg/mL; 48 h) can inhibit the viability of A375 cells, induce an increase in ROS levels, as well as induce cell apoptosis and autophagy^[1].
Graveoline (0-8 h) can downregulate the expression of the ICL1 gene and reduce the expression of the CaIcl1 protein in Candida albicans^[2].
Graveoline (0-60 μM; 14-72 h) has killing activity against infective third-stage larvae (L3) and adults of Strongyloides venezuelensis. The LC₅₀ values against L3 larvae at 24, 48, and 72 hours are 28.3, 25.9, and 24.4 μM, respectively, and those against adults are 27.8, 26.9, and 26.5 μM^[3].
Graveoline (0-40 μM; 24 h) can reduce the levels of ALT, AST, and TNF-α, upregulate the levels of IL-4 and IL-10, and inhibit the upregulated expression of p-JAK1 and p-STAT3 in HepG2 cells treated with LPS (HY-D1056A1)^[4]. In Vivo:Graveoline (50-100 mg/kg; oral gavage; 2 days) exerts a protective effect in a mouse model of liver injury^[4].