Rhein

Rhein is an anthraquinone compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects^{[1]. In Vitro:Rhein (0-80 μM, 72 h) inhibits the viability of NB4 cells in a dose-dependent manner[2].
Rhein (5 μM, 72 h) increases semi-adherent, macrophage-like cells, and expression of CD11b, CD14, CCR-1 and CCR-2, and increases ROS production and phagocytosis in ATRA-activated NB4 cells[2].
Rhein (5 μM, 72 h) induces NB4 cell death by activating apoptosis and inhibiting the mTOR pathway [2].
Rhein (50-200 μM, 48 h) inhibits angiogenesis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 cells[4].
Rhein (0-50 μM, 24 h) inhibits HUVEC roliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation (inhibits VEGF165, EGF in supernatant and HIF-1α in nuclear extract)[4].
In Vivo:Rhein (10-40 mg/kg, i.g.) protects against Acetaminophen (HY-66005)-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats[3].}