Ipilimumab

Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody IgG1κ that blocks the inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) on T cells. Ipilimumab can be used in unresectable or metastatic melanoma (MM) studies^[1]. In Vitro:Ipilimumab inhibits CTLA-4, allowing the T cell immune response to be reactivated against tumor cells. Ipilimumab can promote antitumor activity as a single agent or in combination with cytokines, chemotherapy, or vaccines^[1].
Ipilimumab (0, 5 or 50 μg/ mL, 6 days) alone can enhance IL-2 production and in combination with nivolumab stimulate higher IL-2 release in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). And the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab treatment synergistically enhances effector and memory T-cell responses^[2].
In Vivo:Ipilimumab (i.v., 3 or 10 mg/kg, once a week for 4 weeks) combination with nivolumab (10 or 50 mg/kg) results in gastrointestinal inflammation in crab-eating monkeys and is associated with reduced albumin, increases globulin and increases neutrophil and eosinophil counts and mononuclear inflammation of the large intestine. Recurrent diarrhoea is demonstrated in the high-dose group, which also has visible degranulation of glandular blast cells in the pancreas^[2].