Oxyfluorfen

Oxyfluorfen is a pre- and post-emergence diphenyl ether herbicide to control annual broad-leaved and grass weeds. Oxyfluorfen is a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor and inhibits photosynthesis by blocking chlorophyll synthesis. Oxyfluorfen can inhibit cell growth. Oxyfluorfen induces DNA damage and exhibits toxicity toward aquatic organisms such as Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Oxyfluorfen has genome-level deleterious effects on fish that can lead to stunted skeletal growth. Oxyfluorfen induces transverse limb deficiency or craniosynostosis^[1][2]. In Vitro:Oxyfluorfen (10 nM, 12 d) strongly inhibits the growth of normal soybean cells but not resistant cells^[2].
Oxyfluorfen (0-100 μM) inhibits the total extractable Protox activity in normal cells but not resistant cells^[2]. In Vivo:Oxyfluorfen (0.3-0.6 mg/L, exposure for 21 d) leads to a significant increase in CAT activity except for 0.6 mg/L at 21 days as well as an increase in GR activity, whilst it significantly inhibits SOD activity at all days in fish^[3].
Oxyfluorfen (0-800 ppm, in the diet, 7 or 28 d) exhibits liver toxicity in mice^[4].
Oxyfluorfen (40-1600 ppm, in the diet, 3 or 10 d) results in a dose-responsive induction in PPARα genes (Cyp4a10, Acox1, Cte-1 and Pmp-70) in mice model^[4].